关键词:
大语言模型智能法律合约法律科技区块链
摘要
随着生成式人工智能尤其是大语言模型的迅速发展,利用自然语言自动生成智能合约,已从概念探索走向可实验、可评测、可验证的研究阶段。近年来的研究表明,大模型不仅能够从业务需求、法律文本乃至合同条款中生成Solidity等智能合约代码,还能够参与条款抽取、形式化建模、安全审计与合规评估等环节。然而,现有成果也一致显示:大语言模型生成的智能合约虽然在语法正确性和初步功能实现方面已有显著进步,但在法律语义忠实性、安全漏洞控制、形式化验证与可直接部署性方面仍存在明显不足。因此,大语言模型在该领域的现实定位更适合被理解为智能法律合约的辅助生成与验证工具,而非完全替代法律专业人员与开发审计人员的自治系统。本文从智能合约与智能法律合约的概念区分出发,系统梳理大语言模型驱动智能法律合约的主要技术路径和近年来的代表性研究进展,并在此基础上分析该领域面临的主要法律挑战。本文认为,未来研究的关键不在于模型是否能够写出代码,而在于其能否在法律文本、计算逻辑与执行后果之间建立可验证、可解释、可归责的对应关系。
文献引用
- [1]王迪,朱岩,陈娥,郭倩,李冀宁,孙贻滋,伊然.智能法律合约及其研究进展[J].工程科学学报,2022,44(1):68-81. [2]中华人民共和国电子签名法[EB/OL].(2019-05-07). [3]中华人民共和国电子商务法[EB/OL].(2018-08-31). [4]中华人民共和国最高人民法院.关于加强区块链司法应用的意见[EB/OL].(2022-05-25). [5]香港特别行政区.第553章《电子交易条例》[EB/OL].(2025-05-22). [6]香港证券及期货事务监察委员会.适用于虚拟资产交易平台营运者的指引[EB/OL]. [7]ACCORD PROJECT.Smart legal contracts[EB/OL]. [8]BARBÀRA F, NAPOLI E A, GATTESCHI V, et al.Automatic smart contract generation through LLMs: when the stochastic parrot fails[C/OL]//Proceedings of the Sixth Distributed Ledger Technology Workshop (DLT 2024).Turin,Italy,2024. [9]CHEN E, ROCHE N, TSENG Y H, et al.Conversion of legal agreements into smart legal contracts using NLP[C/OL]//Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023.New York:ACM,2023:1112-1118. [10]DO H L, SOHRABI N, HASSAN M U.Evaluating the vulnerability landscape of LLM-generated smart contracts[EB/OL]. [11]LAW COMMISSION OF ENGLAND AND WALES.Smart legal contracts: advice to Government[R/OL].2021. [12]LIU Y, XUE Y, WU D, et al.PropertyGPT: LLM-driven formal verification of smart contracts through retrieval-augmented property generation[C/OL]//The 32nd Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2025).San Diego,US,2025. [13]LUO H, LIN Y, YAN X, et al.Guiding LLM-based smart contract generation with finite state machine[C/OL]//Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-25).Montreal,Canada,2025:5869-5877. [14]PENG Z, YIN X, QIAN R, et al.SolEval: benchmarking large language models for repository-level Solidity code generation[C/OL]//Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.Suzhou,China,2025:4388-4411. [15]SUN Y, WU D, XUE Y, et al.GPTScan: detecting logic vulnerabilities in smart contracts by combining GPT with program analysis[C/OL]//ICSE'24:Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering.New York:ACM,2024:1-13. [16]UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW.Model law on automated contracting[R/OL].2024. WIJAYAKOON C, DONG H, BANDARA H M N D, et al.Legal compliance evaluation of smart contracts generated by large language models[C/OL]//2025 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC).Pisa,Italy,2025:1-9.
